13.5V/2A power supply

The power supply circuit is designed to convert an AC voltage from the mains power source into a regulated DC voltage of 13.5V with a maximum output current of 2A. Let's go through the different components and their functions.

1. Transformer: The transformer's main role in the power supply circuit is to decrease the high voltage obtained from the main power source to a more manageable level for subsequent operations. The AC power source is linked to the transformer’s primary coil, while the secondary coil produces the reduced voltage output.

2. Fuse: The fuse is typically placed in series with the primary winding of the transformer, before the power switch. Its purpose is to limit the amount of current that can flow through the circuit.

3. Rectifier Bridge: The rectifier bridge, typically constructed with diodes, is responsible for converting the alternating current (AC) voltage obtained from the secondary winding of the transformer into a pulsating direct current (DC) voltage. Its purpose is to convert the AC waveform's positive and negative sections into a single-direction or unidirectional voltage.

4. Filter Capacitor: The filter capacitor is connected parallel to the rectifier output and functions as a storage component that helps to stabilize the fluctuating DC voltage. It aids in minimizing the ripple present in the output voltage by charging up during the peak points of the rectified waveform and discharging during the lower points.

5. Voltage Regulator (LM317): The LM317 is an example of a linear voltage regulator responsible for maintaining a constant and regulated output voltage level of 13.5V. The resistors R1 and R2 connected to the LM317's ADJ and OUT pins determine the desired output voltage. By selecting appropriate resistor values, the LM317 adjusts the voltage to maintain a constant 13.5V output, regardless of input or load variations.

6. Output Capacitor: The output capacitor is connected between the output of the voltage regulator and the ground. It helps stabilize the output voltage by reducing any remaining ripple or fluctuations. The capacitor provides additional filtering and improves the transient response of the power supply.

7. Power Connector: The power connector connects the power supply to an external load or device. It provides an output voltage of 13.5V to power the connected circuitry.

When the power supply is turned on, the AC voltage from the mains power source is stepped down by the transformer and then rectified into a pulsating DC voltage by the rectifier bridge. The filter capacitor smooths out this pulsating DC voltage, while the decoupling capacitor further filters out high-frequency noise.

The regulated output voltage of 13.5V is achieved by the LM317 voltage regulator, which adjusts its internal circuitry to maintain a constant voltage across the output terminals. The resistors R1 and R2 set the desired output voltage value based on a simple voltage divider equation.

Finally, the output capacitor ensures a stable and clean output voltage by reducing any residual ripple or noise present in the regulated voltage. The power connector provides the regulated 13.5V output to power external devices or circuits.

This power supply circuit provides a reliable and regulated DC voltage of 13.5V with a maximum current capability of 2A. It is suitable for various electronic applications that require a stable power source within these specifications.

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