A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCB's can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductor on different layers are connected with plated-through holes called vias. Advanced PCB's may contain components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate.
PCB Amateur basic methods and processes
A printed circuit board manufacturing method substantially
1. With a carbon copy to the complex wiring diagram impregnable board: Copy should be preceded with a rasp around the edge of the copper complex whole file to flat Sarkozy and size as much as possible in line with the size of the design drawings and complex carbon and copper cut the same size, in order to prevent re-Produce drawings made during the move, and called for the drawing with tape around both ends of the printing plate snapping.
2. First with the component receptacle drilled drill - Average diameter of about jack 0.9-1MM, 1MM drill diameter can be more moderate, if the borehole will affect the quality of solder joints too, but for a few feet thick element Jack, for example potentiometer foot hole, you need more than one drill hole is 1.2mm in diameter.
3. Stick tape: first sealing tape with a razor blade cut 0.5-2.0MM ,3-4MM wide variety of paper and then glue conducted gum paste, gum paste when
Lines should be appropriately selected based on tolerance and the current size of the gap through which the lines between the lines. Generally only uses 2-4 width. Then, in order to ensure the level of the production process, as far as possible not to use too broad or too narrow, such as the width of the lines need to be drilled in its more than 1.5MM, and avoid the lines at the time of drilling drilled off, but also when the gum paste Note that the control lines of the adjacent gap not too small, or likely to cause shorting between the lines, some more than about 1MM when drilling gum paste, so as to ensure the quality of the welding squint. If using a computer system board layout techniques and practices, because with a pad, pad diameter into its selection when 0.05,0.062,0.07 inch sizes for a variety of layout designs, most take a diameter of 0.062 inches general design (ie 1.55MM) pads around; line width is not only restricted jack aperture, also restricted outside the lines adjacent pads.
4. Positioning pins of the IC to be accurate, do not drill when drilling side, it is commonly used gum paste after drilling system board way.
5. Manual plate-making process in order to improve the level can also be set on a circular pad jack, which can be taken using a circular stickers or paint first film produced in round holes on the pad, the paint is dry, and then paste lines, paint can also be used to draw lines, painting lines generally available drawing pen work.
Second, the printing plate production process
System board technology program: trim plate surrounding the size - Copy - Drill - gum paste - Corrosion - Cleaning - to glue - fine sandpaper rubbing bright - painted pine fragrance.
1. complex copper surface first meets the size requirements of light rubbing with fine sandpaper, then carbon copied to the wiring diagram on the copper complex.
2. 1.0mm diameter drill hole, positioning the mouth, and then paste glue (or paint).
3. After completion of gum paste, you should put a thick pad sheets on the board, with the palm of the pressure on the top, which aims to make all the sticky gum paste and copper complex
Posted a more secure. Heating hair dryer available if necessary, you can use the right stick adhesive degrees strengthen, as used in glue stick with good
Viscous and adhesive tape and thin, so the use of this glue stick plates, better, is generally not subject to further heat treatment.
4. Corrosion commonly used as ferric chloride etchant, the etching rate and etching solution concentration, temperature and corrosion process to take about jitter, to ensure the system board and improve the quality of the corrosion rate, jitter and methods can be heated. (Some water)
5. After the etching is completed, the application of tap water rinse and remove the tape, the printing plate dry.
6. with fine emery cloth to wipe the surface of copper printing plates to resume light up, then immediately coated with rosin solution. (Painted pine fragrance should be inclined to put the printed circuit board Xuan cover with pine fragrance, to avoid drilling through pine fragrance flow to the back).
Notes:
(1) the role of pine fragrance is oxidation, solder flux and increasing the brightness, etc.; rosin solution is to use rosin powder with alcohol or days to find water surface into a certain proportion, its concentration should be moderate, to use the sense of there certain viscosity can be.
(2) ferric chloride solution will not have adverse effects on human skin, but if trichloride get on the ground or on your clothing, wash it is difficult to find, so be sure to use extreme caution. Use transfer paper making quick homemade circuit board circuit board is the stumbling block for many years each electronic enthusiasts can quickly complete circuit board production is the aspiration of every electronic enthusiasts.
Process Principle:
The main use of the principle of heat transfer. Use laser printer "Toner" (with black plastic particles) by electrostatic attraction laser printer cartridges, toner cartridges arranged in a very high precision graphics and text, after the elimination of static electricity, the transfer of after a special heat transfer paper, special handling, and high temperature hot melt fixed form thermal cardboard, then the transfer paper covering the Bonded Copper, due to the heat transfer paper is specially treated, by polymer Technology at its surface covered with a special coating several layers of materials, thermal transfer paper with a high temperature so that no adhesion properties when the temperature reaches 180.5 , under the action of heat and pressure, thermal transfer paper melting the toner suction force of the sharp decline in the melting of the toner that is completely adsorbed on the copper-clad, copper clad after cooling, the pattern is formed with the fastening of the protective layer can be formed after the etching of printed circuit boards work fine .Undo edits
Production methods:
1 with Protel, orcad, coreldraw, word and cartographic software , even with the windows can "draw" making good printed circuit board graphics.
2 with a laser thermal transfer printer paper.
3 clean with fine sandpaper Bonded Copper , polished around the printed transfer paper covering the copper-clad , into the photo laminator ( adjusted 180.5 ~ 200 ) pressed several times back and forth , so that the melted toner completely adsorbed on copper clad . ( There are friends that use electric iron , multi- experiment several times, can be successful and I think as long as the copper-clad smooth enough , this approach is feasible )
4 Peel off the transfer paper after cooling Bonded Copper, into hydrochloric acid + hydrogen peroxide + water ( 2:1:2 ) to form a fine work of the printed circuit board , or a mixture of FeCl3 solution after corrosion before I prefer to use one kind of etching solution , the corrosion process is quick , etching solution is clear and transparent, easy to observe the extent of corrosion of the circuit board.
( Note: The thermal transfer paper disposable paper can not be used more than once , to avoid affecting the laser printer cartridge life) usually unnecessary
Transfers should be stored in a cool dry place, can not be affected by prolonged exposure to sunlight , or affect the transfer effect.
Sample: ( Click to zoom in on part of the figure seems to be the tin manual double-sided through-hole soldering , rather than excessive corrosion PCB )
After a dozen times to achieve, to make a good quality PCB board. Summed up the experience as follows:
1 To be safe, we recommend wiring width 15mil or more.
2 line spacing set at 10mil or more
3 parts pads can be defined bigger. I was defined as the square of 70 * 70 mil. IC square foot is defined as 60 * 80
4 When you print the vias should print out, so that there is positioning drilling, very convenient. The following is the Protel DXP 2004 settings:
5 with iron temperature is not too high. My National flatiron six stalls, I only use 3rd gear. High temperatures may scorch Bonded Copper.
6 iron time with about 1 minute or so, with a beat and move in different directions.
7 Do not tear Bonded Copper heat transfer paper in time, otherwise it will tear transfer paper glue on copper, the impact of corrosion.
8 ready oily pen nib fine, a little problem can be remedied transfer.
Thermal transfer system board law
The thermal transfer system board hardware needed:
1: A device used to produce high-precision plastic toner printout solder layer, such as a laser printer or a copier (copier, then the need for copy originals, the originals can be printed with an inkjet printer).
2: a usable iron.
3: a smooth bottom sticker backing.
4: a certain amount of ferric chloride etchant, according to the size of the board may be.
Supplement, there is a range of 0 to 200 degrees in a better digital thermometer, it also comes with high-end digital multimeter line.
Thermal transfer system board software needed:
High version PROTEL, such PROTEL99SE Chinese version, or even just a WIN Paint program that comes, in short, is able to be a drawing software.
Heat transfer plate system required the steps of:
Step 1: Using a software-generated images can generate some image files, such as using low version PROTEL organization SCH, re-use PCB netlist to generate the corresponding figure (not PROTEL, then brush or even a WINDOWS program too), to prepare print.
Step 2: The PCB plans to thermal transfer printing paper.
Step 3: good PCB transfer paper will be printed tile in the CCL, ready to transfer.
Step 4: Use iron heating (to be hot) to the transfer paper black plastic powder pressure on CCL precision corrosion layer.
Step 5: The effect of temperature and pressure irons after a successful transfer! If you often do, skilled, and very likely to succeed.
Step 6: Ready ferric chloride solution corrosion.
Step 7: The results were pretty good, right! Be careful not to over-corrosion, corrosion end, ready to weld.
Step 8: Clean the pad part, the rest is used to solder.
Step 9: Install the required reserve originals and welded well.
Q & A about the source of the problem of heat transfer paper
Step 1: Using a software-generated images can generate some image files, such as using low version PROTEL organization SCH, re-use PCB netlist to generate the corresponding figure (not PROTEL, then brush or even a WINDOWS program too), to prepare Print: 
Step 2: The PCB plans to thermal transfer printing paper. 
Step 3: good PCB transfer paper will be printed tile in the CCL, ready to transfer. 
Step 4: Use iron heating (to be hot) to the transfer paper black plastic powder pressure on CCL precision corrosion layer. 
Step 5: The effect of temperature and pressure irons after a successful transfer! If you often do, skilled, and very likely to succeed. 
Step 6: Ready ferric chloride solution corrosion. 
Step 7: Be careful not to over-corrosion, corrosion end, ready to weld. 
Step 8: Clean the pad part, the rest is used to solder. 
Step 9: Install the required reserve originals and welded well. 
Thermal transfer system board must be noted that:
1: Do not hot or cold iron, the optimum temperature is between 140 to 170, within this temperature range, the optimum transfer characteristics of the plastic cartridge.
2: To lower the temperature, etc. After the transfer paper and then peeled off, slowly exposing found not any good portion of the transfer request and then covered, heated again pressurized thermal transfer.
3: Some really problematic parts (such as burnout) Please oily carbon pen or nail polish, paint or something to remedy this situation, but is not much.
About PCBway
Since 2003 PCBWAY has been the leading PCB quick turn manufacturer specializing in both Prototype and Production quantities, Initially produced single-sided and double-sided printed circuit boards for the consumer electronics market. PCBWAY is ranked among the top 4 board fabricators in asia and is well-known for its expedited turn time capabilities and its reliable best on-time shipping record.
Today, we have over 450 operators with high modern facilities to manufacture multi-layer PCB up to 12 layers. Backing up with a group of professional engineers, and well established quality system. PCBWay has grown to become a major PCB manufacturer in Asia to serve in diverse customers base such as electronics appliance, communication, educational electronics, power supplies, Automationsetc.
Our mission is to become one of leading PCB manufacturer that provide in high quality product with total customer satisfaction.
